Ball bearings are used in virtually every type of machine, motor and transportation mode. They are one of several types of rolling bearing that include cylindrical roller bearings and tapered roller bearings. Ball bearings can handle moderate radial and thrust loads and extremely high shaft velocities. Ball bearings come in every size from tiny for watches and other instruments to enormous for huge construction equipment. Their versatility, reliability and relatively low cost make them the most popular of all rolling bearings.
There are two basic types of mechanical bearings used in machinery: sleeve bearings and rolling bearings. Bronze sleeve bearings are simple and inexpensive, but tend to be limited in the shaft velocities they will support. They also have considerable coefficients of friction that may consume a large proportion of the energy available to turn the shaft. Ball bearings, however, are almost limitless in the velocities they will tolerate as long as their lubrication is sustained.
Bearing Components
Ball bearings consist of three main sections, all of which are uniform and hardened for long wear: The inner bearing race fits snugly on the turning shaft. The outer race is a collar that fits snugly inside the bearing holder bore. Finally, there is a single or double row of uniform balls that may be touching one another or spaced at intervals between inner and outer races and retained by a ball cage. These bearings will last almost indefinitely if sealed, kept very clean and lubricated with a high film strength bearing lubricant.
Applications
Ideal applications for ball bearings are industrial machines that present both radial and axial loads, and moderate to high shaft velocities. On vehicles, they are preferred for moderate load bearings for motors, gear cases, and turbochargers. Modelers often use miniature ball bearings to extract the most performance from their cars, boats and planes.
Making Ball Bearings
The secret of caged ball bearing making is that the inner race is first inserted inside the outer race, and pushed to one side so it contacts the outer race. The balls are inserted into the large gap on the opposite side until about half of the space is filled. Then the balls are evenly interspersed and subsequently retained by stamped metal cages, making the inner and outer races concentric. The cage halves are then riveted together and the bearing seals, if any, added. This assembly configuration is the Conrad method and is by far the most widely used because of the ability of the finished bearing to handle both radial and axial or thrust loads. Other less-used methods are slot fill and split race which allow a higher ball density, but compromise axial loads.
Variations
Single row deep groove ball bearings are the most common, followed by double row, and self-aligning. Bearings may be shielded, sealed or double sealed. Some have grease fittings, some come permanently lubricated, and in the case of turbochargers, are continuously pressure lubricated with motor oil.
How Are Ball Bearings Assembled?
Parts
A finished ball bearing is comprised of four parts, which are manufactured separately before being assembled together--the inner race, the outer race, the balls and the cage.
Races
The inner race and outer race are the easiest parts to make, each consisting of a simple cylinder of steel. They are cut from steel pipes, a narrow band which is then smoothed and heat treated. The outer race is larger than the inner race, so that when the inner race is fitted within the outer, there is enough room for the balls to fit in between them.
Balls
The balls are formed from cut wire, which is shaped in a spherical press. The imperfections are smoothed and the balls are heat treated.
Cage
The cage is the mechanism that holds the balls in place in between the inner and outer race. It consists of one frame for each ball in the ball bearing assembly. In a metal cage, the frames are created separately and then fused together. In a plastic cage, they are formed with one mold.
Assembly
The balls are placed inside the cage and the outer race, and then the inner race is inserted into the middle. The balls, held in place by the cage, each have one point of contact with the outer race and one point of contact with the inner race.
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Bearing TypesThere are two basic types of mechanical bearings used in machinery: sleeve bearings and rolling bearings. Bronze sleeve bearings are simple and inexpensive, but tend to be limited in the shaft velocities they will support. They also have considerable coefficients of friction that may consume a large proportion of the energy available to turn the shaft. Ball bearings, however, are almost limitless in the velocities they will tolerate as long as their lubrication is sustained.
Bearing Components
Ball bearings consist of three main sections, all of which are uniform and hardened for long wear: The inner bearing race fits snugly on the turning shaft. The outer race is a collar that fits snugly inside the bearing holder bore. Finally, there is a single or double row of uniform balls that may be touching one another or spaced at intervals between inner and outer races and retained by a ball cage. These bearings will last almost indefinitely if sealed, kept very clean and lubricated with a high film strength bearing lubricant.
Applications
Ideal applications for ball bearings are industrial machines that present both radial and axial loads, and moderate to high shaft velocities. On vehicles, they are preferred for moderate load bearings for motors, gear cases, and turbochargers. Modelers often use miniature ball bearings to extract the most performance from their cars, boats and planes.
Making Ball Bearings
The secret of caged ball bearing making is that the inner race is first inserted inside the outer race, and pushed to one side so it contacts the outer race. The balls are inserted into the large gap on the opposite side until about half of the space is filled. Then the balls are evenly interspersed and subsequently retained by stamped metal cages, making the inner and outer races concentric. The cage halves are then riveted together and the bearing seals, if any, added. This assembly configuration is the Conrad method and is by far the most widely used because of the ability of the finished bearing to handle both radial and axial or thrust loads. Other less-used methods are slot fill and split race which allow a higher ball density, but compromise axial loads.
Variations
Single row deep groove ball bearings are the most common, followed by double row, and self-aligning. Bearings may be shielded, sealed or double sealed. Some have grease fittings, some come permanently lubricated, and in the case of turbochargers, are continuously pressure lubricated with motor oil.
How Are Ball Bearings Assembled?
Parts
A finished ball bearing is comprised of four parts, which are manufactured separately before being assembled together--the inner race, the outer race, the balls and the cage.
Races
The inner race and outer race are the easiest parts to make, each consisting of a simple cylinder of steel. They are cut from steel pipes, a narrow band which is then smoothed and heat treated. The outer race is larger than the inner race, so that when the inner race is fitted within the outer, there is enough room for the balls to fit in between them.
Balls
The balls are formed from cut wire, which is shaped in a spherical press. The imperfections are smoothed and the balls are heat treated.
Cage
The cage is the mechanism that holds the balls in place in between the inner and outer race. It consists of one frame for each ball in the ball bearing assembly. In a metal cage, the frames are created separately and then fused together. In a plastic cage, they are formed with one mold.
Assembly
The balls are placed inside the cage and the outer race, and then the inner race is inserted into the middle. The balls, held in place by the cage, each have one point of contact with the outer race and one point of contact with the inner race.
Visit Us At http://www.arb-bearings.com
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